Geomembranes are impermeable synthetic liners widely used in environmental and civil engineering applications to prevent the movement of liquids or gases. They are commonly produced from polymer materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). These membranes serve as...